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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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03229932.000
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1994-03-25
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<text id=93TT1248>
<title>
Mar. 22, 1993: The $400 Bomb
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Mar. 22, 1993 Can Animals Think
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
TERRORISM, Page 40
The $400 Bomb
</hdr>
<body>
<p>New arrests and a hot money trail lead investigators to wonder
who else might be behind the Tower bombing
</p>
<p>By JILL SMOLOWE--With reporting by Edward Barnes and John F.
Dickerson/New York and Jamil Hamad/Zarka
</p>
<p> Assembling the explosives that blew out seven stories of
the World Trade Center sounds so simple that it is easy to
forget just how dangerous it is. First, go to any gardening
center and chemical-supply house. For little more than $400, buy
several 100-lb. bags of urea and some bottles of nitric and
sulfuric acid. Mix the urea and acids into a thick paste, put
the glop in plastic bags, then pack them in a cardboard box.
Next attach either a blasting cap or a detonator made of some
batteries, an alarm clock and a container of nitroglycerine. But
be very, very careful. "If it spills on the floor, and you scuff
your shoe in it," says an explosives expert, "you could make it
go off."
</p>
<p> Before playing with such ingredients, it helps to have a
degree in chemical engineering, like the man federal agents
arrested last week and added to their list of suspects in
connection with the bombing of the World Trade Center. The ease
with which the agents found him suggests a criminal so careless
that it was hard to imagine him pulling off such a delicate
mission. And despite astonishingly swift police work, the
absence of a motive left several key questions unresolved. Given
the size of the bomb, why target a parking garage, where the
cost to human life would be relatively small? Given the failure
of any group to claim responsibility before the blast, is it
possible the bomb went off prematurely? If so, what was the
intended target? And who was providing the cash?
</p>
<p> The black comedy of errors that followed the explosion
suggests either a costly mistake--or the work of rank
amateurs. By the time federal agents arrested Nidal Ayyad, 25,
at his home in Maplewood, New Jersey, they had several pieces
of evidence linking him to the first suspect seized, Mohammed
Salameh, starting with the business card they found in Salameh's
pocket. Although Ayyad is from Kuwait and Salameh is from
Jordan, both men are of Palestinian descent and they have been
friends for more than a year. One of Ayyad's brothers says they
met at a mosque, though it is still not certain if he was
referring to Al-Salam Mosque in Jersey City, where Salameh
worshipped on occasion and Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, a radical
Egyptian cleric, often preaches.
</p>
<p> The federal complaint against Ayyad states that on Feb.
25, the day before the blast, Salameh made several trips to a
storage shed in Jersey City, where he kept his bombmaking
materials. Four times that day he phoned from a nearby booth to
Ayyad's office at AlliedSignal, calls that Salameh's lawyer,
Robert Precht, insists concerned "a family matter." Moreover,
the complaint states, sometime around Feb. 15, Ayyad rented a
red General Motors sedan and listed "Salameh" as a second
driver. A Ryder truck-rental employee says that on Feb. 23, when
Salameh rented the yellow van believed to have been used in the
bombing, he was accompanied by a man driving a red General
Motors sedan.
</p>
<p> Perhaps most intriguing, the two men shared a joint bank
account at the branch of the National Westminster Bank located
near Al-Salam Mosque, where investigators say the men placed
several deposits of less than $10,000. Federal agents say at
least $8,000 was transferred to the account from Germany last
year and was withdrawn by Salameh. One bank employee said, "We
are talking about small amounts--well under anything that
would raise any kind of suspicion." Precht insists that the
total account never exceeded $10,000 and was closed shortly
before Ayyad's marriage last December.
</p>
<p> The evidence that an overseas group might have been
funneling funds to militants in the U.S. prompted some experts
to speculate that the bombing may represent the prototype for
a new kind of terrorism, and not only because it was the first
major attack on American soil. Before this incident, there was
little evidence that terrorists had the infrastructure in the
U.S. to organize and plan operations. "What the tower bombing
suggests is that under our noses they've been building up," says
Bruce Hoffman of the Rand Corp. "It may not be a typical Islamic
terrorist organization that comes to mind--not full-time
terrorists that live life underground plotting operations. These
could be part-time terrorists that are in isolated cells."
</p>
<p> The two men do not fit the profile of the typical
terrorist bomber. Ayyad's relatives depict the chemical engineer
as a devout Muslim who had achieved the American Dream since
immigrating from Kuwait eight years ago. In 1991 he became a
naturalized citizen, earned a bachelor's degree from Rutgers
University and began work at AlliedSignal. A year later, his
mother arranged for him to marry a Middle Eastern woman.
</p>
<p> Salameh, by contrast, was a drifter, never settling into
a permanent home or regular job. His grades in school were so
mediocre that he could not get into the university law or
science programs; his only option was to attend the University
of Jordan's college of religious law, where one professor
recalls that Salameh was involved in fundamentalist student
activities.
</p>
<p> Back in the Jordanian city of Zarka, his father and
brothers wept openly as they insisted Salameh was innocent. They
spoke of the many letters they had received from Salameh
praising the free and democratic society in which he now lived.
They also received financial help. A local money changer says
he cashed checks from America for sums that ran as high as four
figures. "Mohammed wanted to go to the U.S.A. to make money and
help me," says his father Amin Abdul-raheem Salameh, a retired
Jordanian army officer. "He said, `I am ready to work in
America as a toilet cleaner or garbage collector rather than
stay here.' " It is a decision Salameh may now regret.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>